Binary coding system:)

The arithmetic operations - addition, subtraction, 

multiplication and division, performed on the binary numbers 

is called binary arithmetic

 

two most popular binary coding system are

ASCII-as key

EBCDIC- eb-see-dick

 

unicode is a family of 16-bit codes that support both ASCII and EBCDIC.

 

 The binary numeral system
The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, represents numeric values using two symbols, 0 and 1. More specifically, the usual base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Owing to its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used internally by all modern computers

 

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

widely used for microcomputers

EBCDIC

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

primarly used for large computers

 Unicode

used for international language like chinese and Japanese.

 

  Fraction in binary

Fraction	Decimal	Binary	Fractional Approx.
1/1	1 or 0.999...	1 or 0.111...	1/1 or 1/2+1/4+1/8...
1/2	0.5 or 0.4999...	0.1 or 0.0111...	1/2 or 1/4+1/8+1/16...
1/3	0.333...	0.010101...	1/4+1/16+1/64...
1/4	0.25 or 0.24999...	0.01 or 0.00111...	1/4 or 1/8+1/16+1/32...
1/5	0.2 or 0.1999...	0.00110011...	1/8+1/16+1/128...
1/6	0.1666...	0.0010101...	1/8+1/32+1/128...
1/7	0.142857142857...	0.001001...	1/8+1/64+1/512...
1/8	0.125 or 0.124999...	0.001 or 0.000111...	1/8 or 1/16+1/32+1/64...
1/9	0.111...	0.000111000111...	1/16+1/32+1/64...
1/10	0.1 or 0.0999...	0.000110011...	1/16+1/32+1/256...
1/11	0.090909...	0.00010111010001011101...	1/16+1/64+1/128...
1/12	0.08333...	0.00010101...	1/16+1/64+1/256...
1/13	0.076923076923...	0.000100111011000100111011...	1/16+1/128+1/256...
1/14	0.0714285714285...	0.0001001001...	1/16+1/128+1/1024...
1/15	0.0666...	0.00010001...	1/16+1/256...
1/16	0.0625 or 0.0624999...	0.0001 or 0.0000111...	1/16 or 1/32+1/64+1/128..

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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DkNVhtOCcrE

Robots are used in factories, manufacturing, home security, the military and many other fields of human endeavor. They differ from other assembly-line machines because they can be reprogrammed to do more than one task. Robots often are used to handle dangerous, repetitive tasks.

which iPod are you?

in chapter7: INPUT & OUTPUT


we have learned about one of the subtopic, AUDIO-OUTPUT DEVICES.


SO, the most widely used audio-output devices are speakers and headphones. these devices are connected to a sound card in the system unit.
I dont wanna talk about the speakers or headphones but,  about the current trend which is DIGITAL MUSIC PLAYERS. 
and some of the best-known audio and video players are the Apple iPod.


here, i wanna compare the iPod models.


1. iPod Shuffle

.it is more to Music, audiobooks, podcasts
.its Audio playback  is Up to 15 hours
.2GB US$49
.its size 29 x 31.6 x 8.7 mm (1.14 x 1.24 x 0.34 inches) including clip
.12.5 grams (0.44 ounces)
.Clickable controls with VoiceOver button

what i like about this product is, because of its many choices of colours and its small size,
and we can bring it over here and there easily!
BUT, it doesnt have fm tuner, so it is not suitable for those who like to listen to radio.

2. iPod nano

.its capability: Music, audiobooks, podcasts, photos, FM radio, pedometer, Nike + iPod support
.Audio playback Up to 24 hours
.8GB US$149 .16GB US$179
.its size 37.5 x 40.9 x 8.78 mm, (1.48 x 1.61 x 0.35 inches) including clip
.its weight 21.1 grams (0.74 ounces)
.charging hours: About 3 hours (1.5-hour fast charge to 80%)
.1.54-inch (diagonal) colour Multi-Touch display
.Multi-Touch display

the difference between iPod shuffle is. nano have screen and FM tuner besides its capacity and price is higer than shuffle

3. iPod classic 



.capabil.ty: Music, videos, audiobooks, podcasts, photos
.Up to 6 hoursAudio playback
.Up to 36 hoursVideo playback
.size and weight:103.5 x 61.8 x 10.5 mm (4.1 x 2.4 x 0.41 inches) 140 grams (4.9 ounces)
.charge hour: About 4 hours (2-hour fast charge to 80%)
.display: 2.5-inch (diagonal) colour LCD with LED backlight
.navigation: Click Wheel

this classic can preview photos compared to nano and shuffle which is cannot.



4. iPod touch



.Music, videos, games, applications, ebooks, audiobooks, podcasts, photos, Safari web browser, email, Maps, FaceTime,* HD video recording and editing, Nike + iPod support built in
.Audio playback Up to 40 hours
.Video playback Up to 7 hours
.32GB US$299
.64GB US$399
. 111 x 58.9 x 7.2 mm (4.4 x 2.3 x 0.28 inches) 101 grams (3.56 ounces)
.About 4 hours(2-hour fast charge to 80%)
.3.5-inch (diagonal) widescreen
.Multi-Touch display

from all those iPods,  the most i like is iPod touch for sure. its iPhone-look-alike.
and its have much more function compared to others.

the news about new sofware(from CNET news)

Motorola Xoom should get Flash Player 10.2 first

Read more: http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-20034927-251.html#ixzz1EjfGMo5H

dobe announced its plans for Flash Player on tablets in time for Mobile World Congress last week. Now the company is fine-tuning its earlier news.

Adobe stated in a blog post on Monday that it expects the Motorola Xoom to be the first tablet to receive Flash Player 10.2. This latest Flash Player update is said to significantly reduce CPU usage and battery use when rendering Flash content.

As with previous versions of Flash Player, Adobe will preinstall Flash Player 10.2 on some tablets and will offer it as an over-the-air (OTA) download on others. The timeline still won't be immediate, however. Adobe will release OTA downloads "a few weeks" after Android 3.0 Honeycomb tablets land on store shelves.

In addition to Android compatibility, Adobe has also committed to making Flash Player 10.2 available for RIM's BlackBerry Tablet OS, the operating system behind its forthcoming BlackBerry PlayBook.

Read more: http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-19736_7-20034927-251.html#ixzz1EjfUxNBg

Weekly Troubleshooting Utilities Update

Our utilities update report is a list of updates for Mac utilities that have been released in the past week. Though a utility can be any tool that helps you perform a routine task (including image manipulation and synchronization), our focus in this column is on bringing you those tools that help in troubleshooting Mac hardware and software problems. This week we have had updates to a few notable maintenance utilities, as well as an update to a small system-monitoring menu extra and an NTFS filesystem driver.

Maintenance
In maintenance utility updates this past week, MacCleanse now has support for Microsoft Office 2011. The program offers a number of cleaning and maintenance options for OS X, removes only the necessary files, and provides thorough logs of all activities. A full license of the program is $19.95.

The other maintenance updates this past week are for Maintenance and OnyX. Both of these are free utilities, and the latest updates have improved the options for deleting the Application and System caches as well as Web histories.

System monitoring and filesystem
Besides the maintenance utility updates there is an update for one system-monitoring utility as well as a filesystem support option for the NTFS format. The tool MiniUsage is a small menu extra for OS X that provides a quick view of CPU usage, network activity, battery status, and various other statistics. The program is free, and the latest version fixes a small display error associated with using the rotated display feature.

The next tool is the Tuxera NTFS driver for providing OS X with more complete support for the NTFS filesystem. While the built-in NTFS driver will allow you to read NTFS and can be tweaked to allow for writing, its features are not all supported, and Tuxera NTFS not only provides these but is far more optimized for handling NTFS disks. The latest version implements better handling of invalid characters, and the driver is further optimized for the 64-bit kernel. In addition the calculated free space is now correct in Snow Leopard, and the driver's handling of resource forks is more compatible with OS X. A full license for Tuxera NTFS is 25 euros (about $31), but there is a free version that is developed in parallel with the Tuxera release.

Read more: http://reviews.cnet.com/8301-13727_7-20035006-263.html#ixzz1Ejfqdmav

Online banking hit by thieves

A new Trojan dubbed "OddJob" is stealing people's money by taking over their online banking sessions after they think they've logged off.

The Trojan, which targets Windows-based computers, is being used by criminals in Eastern Europe to steal money from accounts in the United States, Poland, and Denmark, Amit Klein, chief technology officer of Trusteer, writes in a blog post today.

Klein said in an e-mail that he could not identify the banks being targeted or provide an estimate on the number of victims.

"It is early days for this malware," he said. "It appears to be a work in progress, so we expect the code to become more sophisticated over time."

The Trojan intercepts communications that customers have with banking sites via Internet Explorer or Firefox, stealing or interjecting information and terminating user browser sessions when done, Trusteer said.

When a bank customer is on the bank site, the Trojan takes advantage of the session IT token to impersonate the customer, riding the coattails of the existing authenticated session. It then bypasses the logout request of the customer so that the session is not actually terminated when the customer thinks he or she is logging out.

To avoid triggering security software, the malware's configuration is not saved to disk, but a fresh copy is fetched from the command and control server each time a new browser session is opened.

Web surfers can protect themselves by installing software security updates, refraining from clicking on URLs in e-mail messages, and using software that secures Web access, like Trusteer's Rapport product, the company said.

Read more: http://news.cnet.com/8301-27080_3-20034954-245.html#ixzz1Ejg73lzx

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

There are 2 basic types of software. System software focuses on handling technical details.

Application software focuses on completing specific tasks or applications. 2 categories are basic applications and specialized applications.

COMMON FEATURES

U control and interact with a program using a user interface. A graphical user interface (GUI) uses icons selected by a mouse-controlled pointer.

A window contains a document, program, or message. Most software programs, including Microsoft Office 2003, also have

·        Menus – present commands listed on the menu bar.

·        Dialog box – provides additional information / request user input.

·        Toolbars – contain buttons for quick access to commonly used commands.

Microsoft Office 2010 uses and interface introduced with Microsoft Office 2007 which includes

·        Ribbons – replace menus n toolbars.

·        Tabs – divide ribbons into major activity areas organized into groups. Contextual tabs automatically appear when needed.

·        Galleries – display graphic representations of alternatives.

Some applications support speech recognition by allowing voice input.

WORD PROCESSOR

-         Allow  u to create , edit, save and print text-based documents, including flyers, reports, newsletters and web pages.

Features

WORD WRAP is a basic feature that automatically moves the insertion point to the next line. Editing features include

·         Thesaurus – which provides synonyms, antonyms, and related words.

·         Find and replace – which located (finds), removes, and inserts (replace) another word(s).

·         Spelling and grammar checkers – which automatically locate misspelled words and grammar problems.

Formatting features include

·         Font – design of characters. Font size is the height of characters.

·         Characters effects – include bold, italic, and colors.

·         Styles – feature that quickly applies predefined formats.

·         Bulleted and numbered lists – used to present sequences of topics or steps.

SPREADSHEETS

-         Programs are used to organize, analyze and graph numeric data.

Features

Principal spreadsheet features include  the following

-         Workbook files – consist of one / more related worksheets.

-         Worksheets – also known as spreadsheets / sheets, are rectangular grids of rows and columns. Rows are identified by numbers, columns by letters.

-         Cells – are formed by the intersection of a row and column; used to hold text and numeric entries.

-         Text entries (labels) – provide structure and numeric entries can be numbers / formulas.

-         Range – is a series of cells.

-         Analytical graphs (charts) – represent data visually.

-         Recalculation – occurs whenever a value changes in one cell that effects another cell(s).

-         What-if analysis – is the process of observing the effect of changing one / more values.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT

-         Is a collection of related data. A database management system (DBMS), also known as a database manager, structures a database and provides tools for manipulating data.

Features

Principal database management system features include the following

-         Relational database organizes data into related tables.

-         Tables have rows (records) and column (fields).

-         Sort is a tool to rearrange records.

-         Filter is a tool to display only those records meeting specified conditions.

-         Query is a question / request for specific data contained in a database.

-         Forms are used to enter and edit records.

-         Reports are printed output in a variety of forms.

PRESENTATION GRAPHICS

-         Combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive, visually interesting presentations. They are excellent tools to communicate a message and to persuade people.

Features

Principal presentation graphics features include the following

·         Slides – individual pages / screens of a presentation.

·         Design templates – professionally selected combination of color schemes, slide layouts and special effects.

·         Content templates – provide suggested content for each slide.

·         Animations – adds action to text and graphics. Transition animate moving from slide to the next.

INTEGRATED PACKAGES

-An integrated package, also known as personal / home software, is a single program that provides the functionality of several application packages. Some important characteristics include

·         Functions that typically include word processing, spreadsheet, database manager and more. Each function is not as extensive / powerful as a single-function application program.

·         Less expensive than purchasing several individual application programs and simple to use.

·         Popular with home users who are willing to sacrifice some advanced features for cost and simplicity.

SOFTWARE SUITES

-         A software suite is a collection of individual application packages sold together.

·         Productivity suites (office software suites/ office suites) contain professional-grade application programs.

·         Alternative office suites include downloadable office suites (stored on your computer) or online office suites (stored online).

·         Specialized suites focus on specific applications such as graphics.

·         Utility suites include a variety of programs designed to make computing easier and safer.

the new...from CNET NEWS

ree security suites have long been offering protection for Windows computers that has ranged from adequate to excellent. After using the Avast 6 beta for the past week, it looks like Avast 6 will land far closer to the high end of the spectrum thanks to its new WebRep browser add-on and sandbox environment, unique in the free antivirus marketplace.

Avast 6 Free will come with a sandbox feature to isolate risky programs while they run.

(Credit: Screenshot by Seth Rosenblatt)

The security suite is available in three forms: Free Antivirus, which replicates the features available in the upcoming Avast 6 Free; Pro Antivirus, which offers a 30-day trial for checking out Avast's first level of paid security; and Internet Security, which ramps up the feature set to include more security tools.
The biggest new feature is the AutoSandbox, which walls off suspicious programs, preventing them from potentially damaging your system while allowing them to run. Few details have been provided so far as to how the AutoSandbox works, however a response from an Avast employee on Avast's forums gave some indication of how it works. Avast's sandbox allows the program to run, while keeping track of which files are opened, created, or renamed, and what it reads and writes from the Registry. These permanent changes are virtualized, so when the process terminates itself, the system changes it made will evaporate.
The AutoSandbox settings are accessible from the new Additional Protection option on the left nav. It defaults to asking the user whether a program should be sandboxed, although you can set it to automatically decide. There's a whitelist option for programs that you always want to exclude from the sandbox, and you can deactivate the feature entirely.
Avast 6 will come with an optional browser plug-in for Internet Explorer and Firefox called WebRep, which is Avast's new Web site reputation service. It uses a combination of data from Avast's virus labs and user voting to determine a safety score for a site. Similar add-ons are a common tool available in most antivirus suites, so it's good to see Avast join them. Like its competitors, Avast appears to have ignored Google Chrome and its 10 percent market share when it comes to search result rating add-ons. However, Avast has promised that the Chrome add-on will be released soon.
The browser add-ons install when installing Avast 6. If you don't want them, it's actually easier to remove them from within Avast instead of within the browser. Currently, removing the add-on using the browser's interface will cue Avast to re-install the add-on the next time the computer is rebooted.
Other new features have been introduced in Avast 6 beta. The Troubleshooting section now comes with a "restore factory settings" option, there's a new sidebar gadget for Windows 7 and Vista, and you can set automatic actions in the boot-time scan. Two features that have filtered down to the free version are the Script Shield and site blocking. The Script Shield now works with Internet Explorer 8 and 9's protected mode. Meanwhile, the paid versions have gained some new features, such as SafeZone, a virtualization feature for secure online banking. The installer has shrunk for all versions by about 20 percent.

Avast 6 Free also comes with the optional WebRep add-on, for rating search results and Web sites.

(Credit: Screenshot by Seth Rosenblatt)

The initial build of the program was buggy and actually caused my computer to enter into a crash loop that I escaped by booting into Safe Mode and removing it. However, subsequent builds have proven to be far more stable. Note that if you do install the beta, you'll have to completely uninstall your current antivirus program, even if it's Avast 5. The company expects to have an upgrade mechanism in place by the time Avast 6 is ready for wide distribution.
Other known problems in the beta include the fact that the SafeZone feature doesn't work yet and that the firewall in the paid versions contains a conflict with uTorrent.
Performance benchmarks are not available because of the in-development nature of this release. It's simply changing too quickly for benchmarks to provide any useful information, given the time it takes to conduct them.
Although the suite looks good and bodes well for the coming public release, this is a beta product and so it's not recommended for security duties on your primary or only computer. However, it's well worth exploring on secondary machines, and it's encouraging to see Avast not laying fallow after the gains made in version 5.
The beta announcement thread on the Avast forums can be read here.

Firefox beta to Web: 'Do Not Track'

Firefox 4 beta 11 has landed a useful security feature for people who are sick of "stalkertizements," those cookie-based ads that use your browsing history to target ads at your perceived tastes. The new "Do Not Track" feature in Firefox 4 beta 11 for Windows, Mac, and Linux sends out a header that tells Web sites that you want to opt out of behavioral tracking, though Mozilla cautions in a blog post that it will take some time for sites and advertisers to respond to the header.

This diagram shows how Firefox's new 'Do Not Track' feature works.

(Credit: Mozilla)

The feature can be toggled via a check box in the Advanced tab of Firefox's Options window.
Mozilla privacy lead Alex Fowler said that the engineers decided to base the feature in the header sent from the browser because it's something that all Web pages read as they load. A blacklist or cookie-based solution would be harder to implement across different browsers. He acknowledged that successful implementation of "Do Not Track" also depends on advertisers and site owners respecting that incoming header.
He added that the initial stages of a legislative fix are under way as at least one member of Congress--Rep. Jackie Speier (D-Calif.)--plans to introduce a bill ordering the Federal Trade Commission to create a "Do Not Track" program for advertisers. However, a second bill also being proposed does not include the "Do Not Track" option. Both might have a hard time passing in today's antiprivacy climate, although a bill with "Do Not Track" would be the harder sell because of its stronger privacy controls.
Mozilla security and privacy engineer Sid Stamm has documented the technical implementation of "Do Not Track."
Other changes in Firefox 4 beta 11--which Mozilla hopes will be the penultimate Firefox 4 beta--include moving connection status messages to a small overlay window, re-enabling WebGL on Linux, disabling automatic switching to offline mode when no network connection is detected, and a redesign of the default about:home page. The full changelog is available here.